![]() It has been a critical additive in numerous domestic and industrial applications, including paint, paper, plastics (Gambogi, 2014), sunscreen (Yuan et al., 2005), cosmetics, and even as a food additive (Meacock et al., 1997). TiO 2 has the highest refractive index (2.4–2.7) of any other inorganic pigment, imparting a high level of opacity to other materials to which it is added (Khataee and Mansoori, 2012). ![]() Titanium dioxide (TiO 2) has been commercially available as a whitening agent since the early 20th century. The cumulative energy demand (CED) and total CO 2 emissions for the ARTS process are 92.6 MJ/kg TiO 2 and 7.47 kg CO 2/kg TiO 2, respectively, which compares favorably with the traditional and Altairnano processes. A virtual ARTS processing plant is described in detail and is used to conduct an LCA comparison with the sulfate, chloride, and Altairnano processes. A new process is reported that features alkaline roasting of titania slag (ARTS), with subsequent washing, leaching, solvent extraction, hydrolysis, and calcination stages, and implements the recycling and regeneration of alkaline and acid process streams to minimize waste generation. Several hydrometallurgical processes for manufacturing TiO 2 have recently emerged to reduce the environmental impact of TiO 2 production. TiO 2 is manufactured by the traditional sulfate process or high temperature chloride process. ![]() Titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) is used as pigment in a wide variety of domestic and industrial applications, and is becoming an increasingly valuable nanomaterial. ![]()
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